Michael’s PhD research is about differentiation in EU legislation (e.g. national discretion). Traditionally, EU legislation was based on a model of European integration with uniform legal standards. However, the landscape of European legislation has gradually become much more heterogenic. Most notably, it includes discretion for Member States and individuals. This seems in line with (or…

The design of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is an attempt at establishing a coherent and consistent data protection framework, backed by strong enforcement. While the GDPR offers a uniform system of substantive data protection rules, its enforcement is nonetheless entrusted mainly to national Data Protection Authorities. Cooperation takes place with the European Data…